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             Application and method  | 
          
             Estimated installed cost  | 
          
             Estimated installed cost  | 
          
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             S A Rand  | 
          
             US Dollars  |  
          
             unit  | 
 
        
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             Farm dams  | 
          
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             Hyson Cells  | 
          
             R110  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R155  | 
          
             $18  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $26  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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Hyson Cells may be used to confine any granular 
            material, including in-situ sand, for use as the dam wall and core. 
            Hyson Cells are also used to clad the wall for riprap wave 
            protection and to line spillways.
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             Conventional farm dam walls  | 
          
             R185  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R250  | 
          
             $31  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $42  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             Clay is needed. Spillways are lined with concrete and 
            stone riprap is used for wave protection.  | 
          
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             Earthen farm dam walls - no clay core, no 
            concrete  | 
          
             R50  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R100  | 
          
             $8  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $17  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             These dams suffer from problems with piping and have a 
            danger of breaching. Selected fills are needed. Careful compaction 
            required. Expensive spillways.  | 
        
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             Earthen dams with clay cores, no 
concrete  | 
          
             R150  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R250  | 
          
             $25  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $42  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             Use selected clay for cores. Careful compaction 
            required. Expensive spillways.  | 
          
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             Concrete skin, rock fill walls  | 
          
             R185  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R250  | 
          
             $31  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $42  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             Needs access to suitable rock. Difficult to place 
            concrete facings.  | 
          
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             Large dam walls  | 
          
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             Hyson Cells  | 
          
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             Use Hyson Cells "bulk packs" filled with inexpensive 
            in-situ granular fill. Fill is compacted with poker vibrators. Clad 
            with Hyson Cells riprap and spillway protection 
          systems.  | 
          
             R85  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R250  | 
          
             $14  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $42  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             Mass concrete walls  | 
          
             R250  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R350  | 
          
             $42  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $58  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             Large batching plants. Shuttering. Curing is 
            important.  | 
          
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             Rollcrete walls  | 
          
             R120  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R220  | 
          
             $20  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $37  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             Large batching plant. Heavy equipment. Curing is 
            important.  | 
          
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             Rockfill walls with impervious cores  | 
          
             R150  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R250  | 
          
             $25  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $42  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             Subterranean (underground) dams to control water 
            table  | 
          
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             Hyson Cells  | 
          
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             Hyson Cells bulk packs provide the required 
            immeable boundary. Fill with in-situ granular fill.  | 
          
             R79  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R110  | 
          
             $13  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $18  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             Grouted stone walls  | 
          
             R150  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             R200  | 
          
             $25  | 
          
             to  | 
          
             $33  | 
          
             / m³  | 
        
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             This is the normal method in South 
          Africa.  | 
          
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